CAPSULE FOR FOOD CORPORATION OF INDIA INTERVIEW 2020
CAPSULE FOR FOOD CORPORATION OF INDIA INTERVIEW 2020
FOR DEPOT MANGERS- MANAGER TECHNICAL
Agriculture and
its branches
Agriculture is
composed of five specialized branches. The five branches are:
1.Agronomy; Agronomy
deals with soil management and the growing of crops.
2.Horticulture;
Horticulture deals with the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, and ornamental
crops.
3.Agricultural
Engineering; Agricultural engineering involves knowledge of farm machines and
equipment. It also deals with developing new systems and practices to address
problems facing agriculture.
4.Agricultural
Economics; Agricultural Economics deals with the business end of farming.
5.Animal
Science; Animal Science is basically the breeding and caring of animal for
specific purposes, such as for their meat, milk and/or fur.
ECONOMY
1. WHAT IS GDP?
Size of the economy The WEO of October 2019 has estimated India’s
economy to become the fifth largest in the world, as measured using GDP at
current US$ prices, moving past United Kingdom and France. The size of the
economy is estimated at US$3.202 trillion in 2020
|
2018-19
GDP growth rates |
||
|
Constant Prices (2011-12) |
Real |
Current Prices |
|
Annual 2018 -19 P((PROVISION |
6.1 % |
11.2 |
|
Q1 2019-20 (April-June) |
5.1 % |
|
|
Q2 2019-2020 (July-Sep) |
4.5% |
|
|
Q.3 2019-2020(Oct-Dec) |
4.7 |
|
|
Q.4.2019-2020(JAN-March) |
3.1 |
|
|
GDPGrowth rate 2019-20 |
4.2% |
|
2.
WHAT IS GNP?
Gross National Product is measured as GDP
plus income of residents from investments made abroad minus income earned by
foreigners in domestic market.
3. WHAT IS GROSS VALUE ADDITION?
In economics, Gross
value added (GVA) is the measure of the value of goods and services
produced in an area, industry or sector of an economy. In national accounts GVA
is output minus intermediate consumption; it is a balancing item of the
national accounts' production account. . GVA at Basic
Constant (2011-12) Prices for the year 2018-19 is now estimated at `129.07 lakh
crores showing a growth rate of 6.6 percent
4 WHAT IS NATIONAL INCOMEAND PER CAPITA?
National Income is the money value of all
goods and services produced in a Country during the year. Per Capita in
2018-2019 as constant price was
Rs92565/- and as per current price
was Rs126406/-
Sectorwise contribution in GVA agriculture 16.5% service sector 53.3% industry
29.6%
AGRICULTURE ECONOMY
Introduction
Agriculture is the primary source of
livelihood for about 58 per cent of India’s population. Gross Value Added (GVA)
by agriculture, forestry and fishing was estimated at Rs 19.48 lakh crore (US$
276.37 billion) in FY20(PE). Growth in GVA in agriculture and allied sectors
stood at 4 per cent in FY20.
The Indian food industry is poised for huge
growth, increasing its contribution to world food trade every year due to its
immense potential for value addition, particularly within the food processing
industry. Indian food and grocery market is the world’s sixth largest, with
retail contributing 70 per cent of the sales. The Indian food processing
industry accounts for 32 per cent of the country’s total food market, one of
the largest industries in India and is ranked fifth in terms of production,
consumption, export and expected growth.
Market Size
During 2019-20* crop year, food grain
production was estimated to reach a record 295.67 million tonnes (MT). In
2020-21, Government of India is targeting food grain production of 298 MT.
Production of horticulture crops in India was
estimated at a record 320.48 million metric tonnes (MMT) in FY20 as per second
advance estimates. India has the largest livestock population of around 535.78
million, which translates to around 31 per cent of the world population. Milk
production in the country is expected to increase to 208 MT in FY21 from 198 MT
in FY20, registering a growth of 10 per cent y-o-y.
Sugar production in India reached 26.46 MT
between October 2019 and May 2020 sugar season according to Indian Sugar Mills
Association (ISMA).
India is among the 15 leading exporters of
agricultural products in the world. Agricultural export from India reached US$
38.54 billion in FY19 and US$ 28.93 billion in FY20 (till January 2020).
The organic food segment in India is expected
to grow at a CAGR of 10 per cent during 2015-25 and is estimated to reach Rs
75,000 crore (US$ 10.73 billion) by 2025 from Rs 2,700 crore (US$ 386.32
million) in 2015.
Investments
According to the Department for Promotion of
Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), the Indian food processing industry has
cumulatively attracted Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) equity inflow of about
US$ 9.98 billion between April 2000 and March 2020.
Some major investments and developments in
agriculture are as follows:
- In March
2020, Fact, the oldest large-scale fertiliser manufacturer in the country,
crossed one million production and sales mark.
- Nestle India
will invest Rs 700 crore (US$ 100.16 million) in construction of its ninth
factory in Gujarat.
- In November
2019, Haldiram entered into an agreement for Amazon's global selling
program to E-tail its delicacies in the United States.
- In November
2019, Coca-Cola launched ‘Rani Float’ fruit juices to step out of its
trademark fizzy drinks.
- Two
diagnostic kits developed by Indian Council of Agricultural Research
(ICAR) - Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) and the Japanese
Encephalitis lgM ELISA were launched in October 2019.
- Investment
worth Rs 8,500 crore (US$ 1.19 billion) have been announced in India for
ethanol production.
Government Initiatives
Some of the recent major Government
initiatives in the sector are as follows:
- In May 2020,
Government announced the launch of animal husbandry infrastructure
development fund of Rs 15,000 crore (US$ 2.13 billion).
- In September
2019, Prime Minister, Mr Narendra Modi launched National Animal Disease
Control Programme (NADCP), expected to eradicate foot and mouth disease
(FMD) and brucellosis in livestock. In May 2020, Rs 13,343 crore (US$ 1.89
billion) was allocated to the scheme.
- In May 2019,
NABARD announced an investment of Rs 700 crore (US$ 100 million) venture
capital fund for equity investment in agriculture and rural-focused
start-ups
- Under Union
Budget 2019-20, Pradhan Mantri Samman Nidhi Yojana was introduced where a
minimum fixed pension of Rs 3000 (US$ 42.92) was to be provided to the
eligible small and marginal farmers, subject to certain exclusion clauses,
on attaining the age of 60 years.
- The
Government of India came out with Transport and Marketing Assistance (TMA)
scheme to provide financial assistance for transport and marketing of
agriculture products in order to boost agriculture exports.
- The
Agriculture Export Policy, 2018 was approved by the Government of India in
December 2018. The new policy aimed to increase India’s agricultural
export to US$ 60 billion by 2022 and US$ 100 billion in the next few years
with a stable trade policy regime.
- The
Government of India is going to provide Rs 2,000 crore (US$ 306.29
million) for computerization of Primary Agricultural Credit Society (PACS)
to ensure cooperatives are benefitted through digital technology.
- The Government
of India launched the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY) with an
investment of Rs 50,000 crore (US$ 7.7 billion) aimed at development of
irrigation sources for providing a permanent solution from drought.
- Government
plans to triple the capacity of food processing sector in India from the
current 10 per cent of agriculture produce and has also committed Rs 6,000
crore (US$ 936.38 billion) as investments for mega food parks in the
country, as a part of the Scheme for Agro-Marine Processing and
Development of Agro-Processing Clusters (SAMPADA).
- The
Government of India has allowed 100 per cent FDI in marketing of food
products and in food product E-commerce under the automatic route.
Achievements in the sector
- The
Electronic National Agriculture Market (e-NAM) was launched in April 2016
to create a unified national market for agricultural commodities by
networking existing APMCs. It had 16.6 million farmers and 131,000 traders
registered on its platform until May 2020. Over 1,000 mandis in India are
already linked to e-NAM and 22,000 additional mandis are expected to be
linked by 2021-22.
- Sale of
tractors in the country stood at 804,000 units in 2019 with export of
80,475 units.
- During FY20
(till February 2020), tea export stood at US$ 709.28 million.
- Coffee
export stood at US$ 742.05 million in FY20.
Road Ahead
India is expected to achieve the ambitious
goal of doubling farm income by 2022. The agriculture sector in India is
expected to generate better momentum in the next few years due to increased
investment in agricultural infrastructure such as irrigation facilities,
warehousing and cold storage. Furthermore, the growing use of genetically
modified crops will likely improve the yield for Indian farmers. India is
expected to be self-sufficient in pulses in the coming few years due to
concerted effort of scientists to get early maturing varieties of pulses and
the increase in minimum support price.
Going forward, the adoption of food safety and
quality assurance mechanisms such as Total Quality Management (TQM) including
ISO 9000, ISO 22000, Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP), Good
Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and Good Hygienic Practices (GHP) by the food
processing industry will offer several benefits. The agri export from India
is likely to reach the target of US$ 60 billion by the year 2022.
Food
production of india
As
per 3rd Advance Estimates, the estimated production of major
crops during 2019-20 is as under:
· Foodgrains – 295.67 million tonnes. (record)
o Rice – 117.94 million tonnes.
(record)
o Wheat – 107.18 million tonnes.
(record)
o Nutri / Coarse Cereals – 47.54
million tonnes. (record)
o Maize – 28.98 million tonnes.
(record)
o Pulses – 23.01 million tonnes.
o Tur – 3.75 million tonnes.
o Gram – 10.90 million tonnes.
· Oilseeds – 33.50 million tonnes. (record)
o
§
§ Soyabean – 12.24 million tonnes
§ Rapeseed and Mustard – 8.70 million tonnes
§ Groundnut – 9.35 million tonnes
· Cotton – 36.05 million bales (170 kg per
bale) (record)
· Jute & Mesta - 9.92 million bales (180 kg per bale)
· Sugarcane – 358.14 million tonnes
As
per Third Advance Estimates for 2019-20, total Foodgrain production
in the country is estimated at record 295.67 million tonnes which is higher by
10.46 million tonnes than the production of foodgrain of 285.21 million tonnes
achieved during 2018-19. However, the production during 2019-20 is higher by
25.89 million tonnes than the previous five years’ (2014-15 to 2018-19) average
production of foodgrain.
Total
production of Rice during 2019-20 is estimated at record
117.94 million tonnes. It is higher by 8.17 million tonnes than the
five years’ average production of 109.77 million tonnes.
Production
of Wheat during 2019-20 is estimated at record 107.18 million tonnes.
It is higher by 3.58 million tonnes as compared to wheat production during
2018-19 and is higher by 11.02 million tonnes than the average wheat production
of 96.16 million tonnes.
Production
of Nutri / Coarse Cereals estimated at record 47.54 million
tonnes, is higher by 4.48 million tonnes than the production of 43.06 million
tonnes achieved during 2018-19. Further, it is also higher by 4.50 million
tonnes than the average production.
Total Pulses production
during 2019-20 is estimated at 23.01 million tonnes which is higher by 2.19
million tonnes than the Five years’ average production of 20.82 million tonnes.
Total Oilseeds production
in the country during 2019-20 is estimated at record 33.50 million tonnes which
is higher by 1.98 million tonnes than the production of 31.52 million tonnes
during 2018-19. Further, the production of oilseeds during 2019-20 is higher by
4.10 million tonnes than the average oilseeds production.
Total
production of Sugarcane in the country during 2019-20 is
estimated at 358.14 million tonnes.
Production
of Cotton is estimated at record 36.05 million bales (of 170
kg each) is higher by 8.01 million bales than the production of 28.04 million
bales during 2018-19. Production of Jute & Mesta is
estimated at 9.92 million bales (of 180 kg each).
Agriculture credit targets for 2020-21 was fixed at 15.00
lacs crore फ़सल
फसल या सस्य किसी समय-चक्र के अनुसार वनस्पतियों या वृक्षों पर मानवों व पालतू पशुओं के उपभोग के लिए उगाकर काटी या तोड़ी जाने वाली पैदावार को कहते हैं।[1] मसलन गेंहू की फ़सल तब तैयार होती है जब उसके दाने पककर पीले से हो जाएँ और उस समय किसी खेत में उग रहे समस्त गेंहू के पौधों को काट लिया जाता है और उनके कणों को अलग कर दिया जाता है। आम की फ़सल में किसी बाग़ के पेड़ों पर आम पकने लगते हैं और, बिना पेड़ों को नुक्सान पहुँचाए, फलों को तोड़कर एकत्रित किया जाता है।
जब से कृषि का आविष्कार हुआ है बहुत से मानवों के जीवनक्रम में फ़सलों का बड़ा महत्व रहा है। उदाहरण के लिए उत्तर भारत, पाकिस्तान व नेपाल में रबी की फ़सलऔर ख़रीफ़ की फ़सल दो बड़ी घटनाएँ हैं जो बड़ी हद तक इन क्षेत्रों के ग्रामीण जीवन को निर्धारित करती हैं। इसी तरह अन्य जगहों के स्थानीय मौसम, धरती, वनस्पति व जल पर आधारित फ़सलें वहाँ के जीवन-क्रमों पर गहरा प्रभाव रखती हैं।
भारतीय फसलें तथा उनका वर्गीकरण
भारतीय फसलों का वर्गीकरण भिन्न-भिन्न आधारों पर किया जा सकता है। नीचे कुछ आधारों पर भारतीय फसलों का वर्गीकरण दिया गया है।
ऋतु आधारित
·
खरीफ फसलें : धान, बाजरा, मक्का, कपास, मूँगफली, शकरकन्द, उर्द, मूँग, मोठ लोबिया(चँवला), ज्वार, तिल, ग्वार, जूट, सनई, अरहर, ढैंचा, गन्ना, सोयाबीन,भिण्डी
·
रबी फसलें : गेहूँ, जौं, चना, सरसों, मटर, बरसीम, रिजका, मसूर, आलू, तम्बाकू, लाही, जंई
·
जायद फसलें : कद्दू, खरबूजा, तरबूज, लौकी, तोरई, मूँग, खीरा, मीर्च, टमाटर, सूरजमूखी
जीवनचक्र पर आधारित
·
एकवर्षीय फसलें : धान, गेहूँ, चना, ढैंचा, बाजरा, मूँग, कपास, मूँगफली, सरसों, आलू, शकरकन्द, कद्दू, लौकी, सोयाबीन
·
द्विवर्षीय फसलें : चुक्कन्दर, प्याज
·
बहुवर्षीय फसलें (Perennials) : नेपियर घास, रिजका, फलवाली फसलें
उपयोगिता या आर्थिक आधार पर
·
अन्न या धान्य फसलें (Cereals) : धान, गेहूँ, जौं, चना, मक्का, ज्वार, बाजरा,
·
तिलहनी फसलें (Oilseeds) :
सरसों, अरंडी, तिल, मूँगफली, सूरजमूखी, अलसी, कुसुम, तोरिया, सोयाबीन और राई
·
दलहनी फसलें (Pusles) : चना, उर्द, मूँग, मटर, मसूर, अरहर, मूँगफली, सोयाबीन
·
मसाले वाली फसलें : अदरक, पुदीना, प्याज, लहसुन, मिर्च, धनिया, अजवाइन, जीरा, सौफ, हल्दी, कालीमिर्च, इलायची और तेजपात
·
रेशेदार फसलें (Fibres) : जूट, कपास, सनई, पटसन, ढैंचा
·
चारा फसलें (Fodders) : बरसीम, लूसर्न (रिजका), नैपियर घास, लोबिया, ज्वार
·
फलदार फसलें : आम, अमरूद, नींबू, लिचि, केला, पपीता, सेब, नाशपाती,
·
जड एवं कन्द (Roots & Tubers) : आलू, शकरकन्द, अदरक, गाजर, मूली, अरबी, रतालू, टेपियोका, शलजम
·
उद्दीपक (Stimulants) :
तमबाकू, पोस्त, चाय, कॉफी, धतूरा, भांग
·
औषधीय फसलें (Medicinals) :
पोदीना, मेंथा, अदरक, हल्दी और तुलसी
विशेष उपयोग आधारित
·
नकदी फसलें (Cash Crops) :
गन्ना, आलू, तम्बाकू, कपास, मिर्च, चाय, काफी,
·
अन्तर्वती फसले (Catch Crops) :
उर्द, मूँग, चीना, लाही, सांवा, आलू
·
मृदा रक्षक फसलें (Cover Crops) :
मूँगफली, मूँग, उर्द, शकरकन्द, बरसीम, लूसर्न (रिजका)
·
हरी खाद : मूँग, सनई, बरसीम, ढैचां, मोठ, मसूर, ग्वार, मक्का, लोबिया, बाजरा
भारत में कृषि सबसे बड़ी आजीविका प्रदाता है, साथ ही भारत के सकल घरेलू उत्पाद (जीडीपी) में कृषि का महत्वपूर्ण योगदान है। 2011 की जनगणना के अनुसार देश की आबादी का लगभग 55 प्रतिशत कृषि और इससे जुडे गतिविधियों में लगा है और देश के सकल मूल्य संवर्धनविकाश में इसकी हिस्सेदारी 17.4 प्रतिशत है। कृषि क्षेत्र को प्राथमिकता देते हुए भारत सरकार ने इसके सतत हेतु कई कदम उठाए हैं।
प्रमुख भारतीय फसलों और उनके उत्पादक राज्यों की सूची
|
अनाज |
गेहूँ |
उत्तर प्रदेश, पंजाब और हरियाणा |
|
चावल |
पश्चिम बंगाल, आंध्र प्रदेश, छत्तीसगढ़ और तमिलनाडु |
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ग्राम |
मध्य प्रदेश और तमिलनाडु |
|
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जौ |
महाराष्ट्र, उत्तर प्रदेश और राजस्थान |
|
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बाजरे |
महाराष्ट्र, गुजरात और राजस्थान |
|
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नकदी फसलें |
गन्ना |
उत्तर प्रदेश और महाराष्ट्र |
|
पोस्ता |
उत्तर प्रदेश और हिमाचल प्रदेश |
|
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तिलहन |
नारियल |
केरल और तमिलनाडु |
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अलसी का बीज |
मध्य प्रदेश और उत्तर प्रदेश |
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मूंगफली |
आंध्र प्रदेश, गुजरात और तमिलनाडु |
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सरसों |
राजस्थान और उत्तर प्रदेश |
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तिल |
उत्तर प्रदेश और राजस्थान |
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सूरजमुखी |
महाराष्ट्र और कर्नाटक |
|
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रेशेदार फसलें |
कपास |
महाराष्ट्र और गुजरात |
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पटसन |
पश्चिम बंगाल और बिहार |
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रेशम |
कर्नाटक और केरल |
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भांग |
मध्य प्रदेश और उत्तर प्रदेश |
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बागानी फसलें |
कॉफ़ी |
कर्नाटक और केरल |
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रबर |
केरल और कर्नाटक |
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चाय |
असम और केरल |
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तंबाकू |
गुजरात, महाराष्ट्र और मध्य प्रदेश |
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मसाले |
मिर्च |
केरल, कर्नाटक और तमिलनाडु |
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काजू |
केरल, तमिलनाडु और आंध्र प्रदेश |
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अदरक |
केरल और उत्तर प्रदेश |
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हल्दी |
आंध्र प्रदेश और ओडिशा |
Classes of seeds
There are four generally recognized classes of seeds. They are
·
Breeder seed
·
Foundation seed
·
Registered seed
·
Certified seed
The basis
of seed multiplication of all notified varieties/hybrids is the Nucleus seed.
Definition of
seed classes
Nuclear seed : This is the hundred
percent genetically pure seed with physical purity and produced by the original
breeder/Institute /State Agriculture University (SAU) from basic nucleus seed
stock. A pedigree certificate is issued by the producing breeder.
Breeder seed : The progeny of nucleus seed multiplied in large area as
per indent of Department of Agriculture and Cooperation (DOAC), Ministry of
Agriculture, Government of India, under supervision of plant breeder /
institute / SAUs and monitored by a committee consisting of the representatives
of state seed certification agency, national / state seed corporations, ICAR
nominee and concerned breeder. This is also hundred percent physical and
genetic pure seed for production of foundation seed. A golden yellow colour
certificate is issued for this category of seed by the producing breeder.
Foundation seed : The progeny of breeder seed produced
by recognized seed producing agencies in public and private sector, under
supervision of seed certification agencies in such a way that its quality is
maintained according to prescribed field ad seed standards. A white colour
certificate is issued for foundation seed by seed certification agencies.
Registered seed : Registered seed shall be the
progeny of foundation seed that is so handled as to maintain its genetic
identity and purity according to standard specified for the particular crop
being certified. A purple colour certificate is issued for this category of
seed.
Certified seed : The progeny of foundation seed produced
by registered seed growers under supervision of seed certification agencies to
maintain the seed quality as per minimum seed certification standards. A blue
colour certificate is issued by seed certification agency for this category of
seed.
The foundation and certified seeds can be multiplied at stage 1
and II, but the reproduction can not exceed three generations after breeder
seed.
Difference
between certified seed and truthful labeled seed
|
Certified seed |
Truthful labelled seed |
|
|
Certification
is voluntary. Quality guaranteed by certification agency. |
Truthful
labelling is compulsory for notified kind of varieties. Quality guaranteed by
producing agency |
|
|
Applicable
to notified kinds only |
Applicable
to both notified and released varieties |
|
|
It
should satisfy both minimum field and seed standards |
Tested
for physical purity and germination |
|
|
Seed
certification officer, seed inspectors can take samples for inspection |
Seed
inspectors alone can take samples for checking the seed quality. |
|
|
Varieties Developed Rajasthan Research Institute Durgapura |
|
|
Systematic research work for development of new varieties of
various crops has contributed substantially to maximize agricultural
production in the state. Augmentation in yield has been achieved not only by
the breeding of basically higher yielding varieties, but also by the
development of varieties that helps to stabilize production through
resistance to diseases, pests and drought. Varieties are also bred for
meeting specific agronomic requirements with wide adaptability. This research
institute has developed and released more than 125 varieties of
different crops. Following is a brief varietal development scenario at this
institute - |
|
पशुपालन कृषि विज्ञान की वह शाखा है जिसके अंतर्गत पालतू पशुओं के विभिन्न पक्षों जैसे भोजन, आश्रय, स्वास्थ्य, प्रजनन आदि का अध्ययन किया जाता है। पशुपालन का पठन-पाठन विश्व के विभिन्न विश्वविद्यालयों में एक महत्वपूर्ण विषय के रूप में किया जा रहा है।
भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था में कृषि एवं पशुपालन का विशेष महत्व है। सकल घरेलू कृषि उत्पाद में पशुपालन का 28-30 प्रतिशत का योगदान सराहनीय है जिसमें दुग्ध एक ऐसा उत्पाद है जिसका योगदान सर्वाधिक है।
|
Table 1: Livestock Population - Major
Species Category |
Population (In million) 2012 |
Population (In million) 2019 |
% growth |
|
Cattle |
190.90 |
192.49 |
0.83 |
|
Buffalo |
108.70 |
109.85 |
1.06 |
|
Sheep |
65.07 |
74.26 |
14.13 |
|
Goat |
135.17 |
148.88 |
10.14 |
|
Pig |
10.29 |
9.06 |
-12.03 |
|
Mithun |
0.30 |
0.38 |
26.66 |
|
Yak |
0.08 |
0.06 |
-25.00 |
|
Horses & Ponies |
0.63 |
0.34 |
-45.58 |
|
Mule |
0.20 |
0.08 |
-57.09 |
|
Donkey |
0.32 |
0.12 |
-61.23 |
|
Camel |
0.40 |
0.25 |
-37.05 |
|
Total Livestock |
512.06 |
535.78 |
4.63 |
Some of the key outcomes of the 20th
Livestock Census is summarised below:
v The total
Livestock population is 535.78 million in the country showing an
increase of 4.6% over Livestock Census-2012
v Total
Bovine population (Cattle, Buffalo, Mithun and Yak) is 302.79 Million in
2019 which shows an increase of 1.0% over the previous census.
v The total
number of cattle in the country is 192.49 million in 2019 showing an
increase of 0.8 % over previous Census.
v The Female
Cattle (Cows population) is 145.12 million, increased by 18.0% over
the previous census (2012).
v The
Exotic/Crossbred and Indigenous/Non-descript Cattle population in the country
is 50.42 million and 142.11 million respectively.
v The Indigenous/Non-descript female cattle
population has increased by 10% in 2019 as compared to previous census.
v In 20th Livestock Census, 35.94%-Cattle, 27.80%-Goat,
20.45%-Buffaloes, 13.87%-Sheep, 1.69%-Pigs.
v Mithun, Yaks, Horses, Ponies, Mules, Donkeys and Camels
taken together contribute 0.23% of the total livestock.
v As compare to previous census the percentage share of
sheep and goat population has increased whereas the percentage share of cattle,
buffalo and pig has marginally declined.
The total milch
animals (in-milk and dry) in cows and buffaloes is 125.34 Million, an
increase of 6.0 % over the previous census.
The total sheep in the country is 74.26
Million in 2019, increased by 14.1% over previous Census.
India continues to be the
largest producer of milk in the world. Milk production in the country was 187.7
million tonnes in
2018-19 and registered a growth rate of 6.5
per cent over the previous year from 176.35 million tonnes during the last
financial year.
These schemes are - Rashtriya Gokul Mission, National Programme
for Dairy Development (NPDD), National Dairy Plan Phase I, Dairy
Entrepreneurship Development Scheme, Dairy Processing Infrastructure
Development Fund (DIDF) and Supporting State Co-operative Dairy Federation.
Per capita milk has reached a level of 394 grams per day during
2018-19.
Breeds of Cows in Rajasthan:
·
Gir - This breed is otherwise known as Bhadawari, Desan, Gujarati,
Kathiawari, Sorthi, and Surati.
·
Sahiwal;.
.. Tharparkar
,. Kankrej. Kankrej is
found in Rajasthan's southwestern districts of Barmer, Sirohi
& Jalore. ...
· Rathi Breed. .. Mostly found in Loonkaransar Tehsil of Bikaner and
Ganganagar & Hanumangarh district of.
Buffalo
Murrah Singhwa Khas is one
among the 70 villages, which has been declared as ideal Murrah villages by
Haryana government for owning cluster of top quality buffaloes.
Known worldwide for its high yield, the Murrah buffalo produces up
to 32kg of milk a day, almost double than that of an
ordinary buffalo.
2. Jaffrabadi. It is the heaviest Indian breed of
buffalo. ...
· 3.Surti. They are also known as Deccani,
Gujarati, Talabda, Charator and Nadiadi. ...
· 4.Nili Ravi5.. ...Bhadawari. ..6..Nagpuri. 7....Mehsana.
(Sericulture)
रेशम के कीड़े पाल कर उनसे रेशम बनाने के उद्योग को सेरीकल्चर (Sericulture) कहा जाता है। इस उद्योग में शहतूत की खेती, रेशम के कीड़ों का शहतूत के पेड़ों पर पालन तथा उनसे रेशम उत्पादन शामिल हैं।
सेरीकल्चर (Sericulture) एक कृषि आधारित कुटीर उद्योग है जिसे अल्प लागत लगाकर आरम्भ किया जा सकता है। ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों के लिए यह एक अति उत्तम कुटीर उद्योग है। सेरीकल्चर (Sericulture) की एक विशेषता यह भी है कि यह पर्यावरण के अनुकूल उद्योग है। कृषि तथा अन्य घरेलू कामों को करते हुए भी सेरीकल्चर (Sericulture) को अपना कर अतिरिक्त आमदनी प्राप्त की जा सकती है। भारत में इस उद्योग का विस्तार भारत के बेरोजगारों को रोजगार का अवसर भी प्रदान करता है।
सेरीकल्चर (Sericulture) के क्षेत्र में भारत का स्थान विश्व में दूसरे नंबर पर आता है। पहला स्थान चीन का है। भारत में हर प्रकार के रेशम का उत्पादन किया जाता है। भारत मूंगा सिल्क का उत्पादन करने वाला एकमात्र देश है।
सेरीकल्चर (Sericulture) कृषि क्षेत्र का एक नकदी फसल (cash crop) है और एक माह के भीतर ही आमदनी देने लगता है।
Fisheries Sector
Fisheries remain an
important source of food, nutrition, employment and income in India. The sector provides livelihood to about 16
million fishers and fish farmers at the primary level and almost twice the
number along the value chain. Recognising the importance of the sector, an
independent Department of Fisheries has been created in 2019 to provide
sustained and focused attention towards the development of fisheries sector.
The sector has been showing a steady growth in the total GVA and accounts for 6.58
per cent of GDP from agriculture, forestry and fishing. Fisheries alone has
contribution of 1.1% in GDP of the country .The fish production in India has
registered an average annual growth rate of more than 7 per cent in the recent
years
भारत में मिट्टी के प्रकार Types of soil in India
मृदा अथवा मिट्टी Soil
मृदा
अथवा मिट्टी पृथ्वी की सबसे उपरी परत होती है|
मिट्टी का निर्माण टूटी चट्टानो के छोटे महीन कणों, खनिज,
जैविक पदार्थो,
बॅक्टीरिया आदि के मिश्रण से होता है| मिट्टी के कई परतें होती हैं, सबसे उपरी परत में छोटे मिट्टी के कण, गले हुए पौधे और जीवों के अवशेष होते हैं
यह परत फसलों की पैदावार के लिए महत्त्वपूर्ण होती है। दूसरी परत महीन कणों जैसे
चिकनी मिट्टी की होती है और नीचे की विखंडित चट्टानो और मिट्टी का मिश्रण होती है
तथा आख़िरी परत में अ-विखंडित सख्त चट्टानें होती हैं। देश के सभी भागों में
मिट्टी की गहराई आसमान रूप से पाई जाती है यह कुछ सेमी. से लेकर 30 मी. तक गहरी हो सकती है|
हर
मिट्टी की अपनी विशेषता होती है| अपनी विशिष्ट
भौतिक, रासायनिक और जैविक
विशेषताओं के माध्यम से विभिन्न प्रकार की फसलों को लाभ प्रदान करती है जलोढ
मिट्टी उपजाऊ मिट्टी है जो पोटेशियम से भरपूर है और यह कृषि विशेष कर धान, गन्ना और केले की फसल के लिए बहुत उपयुक्त
है। लाल मिट्टी में लौह मात्रा अधिक होती है और यह चना, मूंगफली और अरण्डी के बीज की फसल के लिए
उपयुक्त है। काली मिट्टी में कैल्शियम, पौटेशियम और मैग्निशियम प्रचुर मात्रा में पाया जाता है लेकिन
इसमें नाइट्रोजन की मात्रा कम होती है। कपास,
तम्बाकू, मिर्च तिलहन, ज्वार, रागी और मक्के जैसी फसलें इसमें अच्छी
उगती हैं। रेतीली मिट्टी में पोषक तत्त्व कम होते हैं लेकिन यह अधिक वर्षा
क्षेत्रों में नारियल, काजू और कैजुरिना
के पेड़ों के विकास में उपयोगी है।
भारत में मिट्टी के प्रकार
भारतीय
कृषि अनुसंधान संस्थान (Indian Council of Agricultural
Research-I.C.A.R.) ने भारतीय मिट्टी को 8 भागों में बांटा है-
1.
लाल
मिट्टी Red
Soil
2.
काली
मिट्टी Black
Soil
3.
लैटेराइट
मिट्टी Laterite
Soil
4.
क्षारयुक्त
मिट्टी Saline
and Alkaline Soil
5.
हल्की
काली एवं दलदली मिट्टी Peaty and Other Organic soil
6.
रेतीली
मिट्टी Arid
and Desert Soil
7.
कांप
मिट्टी Alluvial
Soil
8.
वनों
वाली मिट्टी Forest
Soil
1.लाल मिट्टी Red Soil यह मिट्टी अपक्षय के प्रभाव से चट्टानों के टूट-फुट से बनती है| आयरन ऑक्साइड की अधिकता के कारण इस मिट्टी
का रंग लाल दिखता है| यह मिट्टी प्रमुख
रूप से मध्य-प्रदेश, दक्षिणी उत्तर
प्रदेश, छोटा नागपुर के
पठार, आंध्र प्रदेश के
दण्डकारण्य क्षेत्र, पश्चिम बंगाल और
मेघालय में पाई जाती है| पठार तथा
पहाड़ियों पर इन मिट्टियों की उर्वराशक्ति कम होती है और ये कंकरीली तथा रूखडी होती हैं,
किंतु नीचे स्थानों में अथवा नदियों की घाटियों में ये
दोरस हो जाती हैं और अधिक उपजाऊ हो जाती है और इनमें निक्षालन (leaching) भी अधिक हुआ है। तटीय
मैदानों और काली मिट्टी के क्षेत्र को छोड़कर,
प्रायद्वीपीय पठार के अधिकांश भाग में लाल मिट्टी पाई
जाती है।इस मिट्टी में मोटे अनाज पैदा होते है जैसे गेंहू,
धान, अलसी आदि| इस मिट्टी का संघटन इस प्रकार है-
§ अघुलनशील तत्व- 90.47%
§ लोहा- - 3.61%
§ एल्यूमिनीयम - 2.92%
§ जीवांश - 1.01%
§ मैग्निशिया - 0.70%
§ चूना - 0.56%
§ कार्बन डाई ऑक्साइड - 0.30%
§ पोटाश - 0.24%
2.काली मिट्टी Black Soil
यह
मिट्टी ज्वालामुखी से निकलने वाले लावा से बनती है| भारत में यह लगभग 5 लाख वर्ग-किमी. में फैली है| महाराष्ट्र में इस मिट्टी का सबसे अधिक
विस्तार है| इसे 'दक्कन ट्रॅप'
से बनी मिट्टी भी कहते हैं|
इस मिट्टी में चुना,
पोटॅश, मैग्निशियम, एल्यूमिना और लोहा पर्याप्त मात्रा में
पाया जाता है| इसका
विस्तार लावा क्षेत्र तक सीमित नहीं है, बल्कि नदियों ने इसे ले जाकर अपनी घाटियों में भी जमा किया है। यह बहुत ही उपजाऊ है और कपास की उपज के लिए प्रसिद्ध है इसलिए इसे
कपासवाली काली मिट्टी कहते हैं। इस मिट्टी में नमी को रोक रखने की प्रचुर शक्ति है, इसलिए वर्षा कम होने पर भी सिंचाई की
आवश्यकता नहीं होती। इसका काला रंग शायद अत्यंत महीन लौह अंशों की उपस्थिति के
कारण है। इस
मिट्टी का रासायनिक संघटन इस प्रकार है-
§ फेरिक ऑक्साइड - 11.24%
§ एल्यूमिना - 9.39%
§ जल तथा जीवांश - 5.83%
§ चूना - 1.81%
§ मैग्निशिया - 1.79%
इसकी
मिट्टी की मुख्य फसल कपास है| इस मिट्टी में
गन्ना, केला, ज्वार,
तंबाकू, रेंड़ी, मूँगफली और
सोयाबीन की भी अच्छी पैदावार होती है|
3.लैटेराइट मिट्टी Laterite Soil
यह
मिट्टी रासायनिक क्रियाओं तथा चट्टानो के टूट-फूट द्वारा शुष्क मौसम में बनती है| इस मिट्टी में भी आइरन ऑक्साइड की अधिकता
पाई जाती है| यह
देखने में लाल मिट्टी की तरह लगती है, किंतु उससे कम उपजाऊ होती है। ऊँचे स्थलों में यह प्राय: पतली और
कंकड़मिश्रित होती है और कृषि के योग्य नहीं रहती,
किंतु मैदानी भागों में यह खेती के काम में लाई जाती
है। यह मिट्टी तमिलनाडु के पहाड़ी भागों,
केरल, महाराष्ट्र, पश्चिम बंगाल तथा उड़ीसा के कुछ भागों में, दक्षिण भारत के पठार, राजमहल तथा छोटानागपुर के पठार, असम इत्यादि में सीमित क्षेत्रों में पाई
जाती है। दक्षिण भारत में मैदानी भागों में इसपर धान की खेती होती है और ऊँचे
भागों में चाय, कहवा, रबर तथा सिनकोना उपजाए जाते हैं। इस प्रकार
की मिट्टी अधिक ऊष्मा और वर्षा के क्षेत्रों में बनती है। इसलिए इसमें ह्यूमस की
कमी होती है और निक्षालन अधिक हुआ करता है।इस मिट्टी का रासायनिक संघटन इस प्रकार
है-
§ लोहा- 18.7%
§ सिलिका - 32.62%
§ एल्यूमिना - 25.2%
§ फास्फ़ोरस - 0.7%
§ चूना - 0.42%
4.क्षारयुक्त मिट्टी Saline
and Alkaline Soil
शुष्क
और अर्धशुष्क क्षेत्रों, दलदली द अधिक
सिंचाई वाले क्षेत्रों में यह मिट्टी पाई जाती है|
इन्हे थूर(Thur), ऊसर, कल्लहड़, राकड़,
रे और चोपन के नामों से भी जाना जाता है| शुष्क भागों में अधिक सिंचाई के कारण एवं
अधिक वर्षा वाले क्षेत्रों में जल-प्रवाह दोषपूर्ण होने एवं जलरेखा उपर-नीचे होने
के कारण इस मिट्टी का जन्म होता है| इस प्रकार की मिट्टी में भूमि की निचली परतों से क्षार या लवण
वाष्पीकरण द्वारा उपरी परतों तक आ जाते हैं|
इस मिट्टी में सोडियम,
कैल्सियम और मैग्निशियम की मात्रा अधिक पायी जाने से
प्रायः यह मिट्टी अनुत्पादक हो जाती है|
5.हल्की काली एवं दलदली मिट्टी Peaty
and Other Organic soil
इस
मिट्टी में ज़्यादातर जैविक तत्व अधिक मात्रा में पाए जाते हैं| यह सामान्यतः आद्रप्रदेशों में मिलती है| दलदली मिट्टी उड़ीसा के तटीय भागों, सुंदरवन के डेल्टाई क्षेत्रों, बिहार के मध्यवर्ती क्षेत्रों, उत्तराखंड के अल्मोड़ा और तमिलनाडु के
दक्षिण-पूर्वी एवं केरल के तटों पर पाई जाती है|
प्राकृतिक आपदाओं से किसानों को होने वाले
नुकसान की भरपाई के लिए सरकार ने ‘प्रधानमंत्री फसल बीमा योजना’ की घोषणा की है। किसानों को कम प्रीमियम देना पड़ेगा।
बीमा कंपनियां खरीफ फसलों के लिए जो प्रीमियम रेट तय करेंगी, किसानों को उसमें सिर्फ 2% देना
होगा। रबी फसलों के प्रीमियम रेट का सिर्फ डेढ़ फीसदी किसान देंगे। बागबानी फसलों
के मामले में किसानों को 5% प्रीमियम देना होगा। बाकी प्रीमियम केंद्र
और राज्य की सरकारें बराबर-बराबर देंगी। कम से कम 25% क्लेम
राशि सीधे किसान के बैंक खाते में आएगी। स्कीम जून से शुरू होने वाले खरीफ से लागू
होगी।
6.रेतीली मिट्टी Arid and Desert Soil
यह मिट्टी शुष्क और अर्धशुष्क प्रदेशों जैसे - पश्चिमी राजस्थान और आरवाली पर्वत के क्षेत्रों, उत्तरी गुजरात, दक्षिणी हरियाणा और पश्चिमी उत्तर प्रदेश में पाई जाती है। सिंचाई के सहारे गेंहू, गन्ना, कपास, ज्वार, बाजरा उगाये जाते हैं। जहाँ सिंचाई की सुविधा नहीं है वहाँ यह भूमि बंजर पाई जाती है।
7.कांप मिट्टी Alluvial Soil
उत्तर
के विस्तृत मैदान तथा प्रायद्वीपीय भारत के तटीय मैदानों में मिलती है। यह अत्यंत
ऊपजाऊ है इसे
जलोढ़ या कछारीय मिट्टी भी कहा जाता है यह भारत के लगभग 40%
भाग में पाई जाती है|
यह मिट्टी सतलज,
गंगा,यमुना, घाघरा,गंडक, ब्रह्मपुत्र और
इनकी सहायक नदियों द्वारा लाई जाती है| इस मिट्टी में कंकड़ नही पाए जाते हैं|
इस मिट्टी में नाइट्रोजन,
फास्फोरस और वनस्पति अंशों की कमी पाई जाती है| खादर में ये तत्व भांभर की तुलना में अधिक मात्रामें वर्तमान हैं, इसलिए खादर अधिक उपजाऊ है। भांभर में कम वर्षा के क्षेत्रों में, कहीं कहीं खारी मिट्टी ऊसर अथवा बंजर होती
है।भांभर और तराई क्षेत्रों में पुरातन जलोढ़,
डेल्टाई भागों नवीनतम जलोढ़,
मध्य घाटी में नवीन जलोढ़ मिट्टी पाई जाती है| पुरातन जलोढ़ मिट्टी के क्षेत्र को भांभर और
नवीन जलोढ़ मिट्टी के क्षेत्र को
खादर कहा
जाता है|
पूर्वी
तटीय मैदानों में यह मिट्टी कृष्णा, गोदावरी, कावेरी और महानदी
के डेल्टा में प्रमुख रूप से पाई जाती है|
इस मिट्टी की प्रमुख फसलें खरीफ और रबी जैसे-दालें, कपास,
तिलहन, गन्ना और
गंगा-ब्रह्मपुत्र घाटी में जूट प्रमुख से उगाया जाता है|
List of
Indian state animals
This
is a list of the state animals of all the states and union territories of India.[1]
State Common name Scientific name
Andhra Pradesh Blackbuck Antilope cervicapra
Arunachal Pradesh Gayal Bos frontalis
Assam One-horned rhino Rhinoceros
unicornis
Chhattisgarh Wild
Buffalo B. bubalis arnee
Gujarat Asiatic Lion Panthera leo
persica
Haryana Blackbuck Antilope cervicapra
Himachal Pradesh Snow Leopard Uncia uncia or
Panthera uncia
Jammu and Kashmir Kashmir stag Cervus
elaphus hanglu
Jharkhand Indian Elephant Elephas
maximus indicus
Karnataka Indian Elephant Elephas
maximus indicus
Kerala Indian Elephant Elephas
maximus indicus
Lakshadweep Butterfly
Fish Chaetodon
decussatus
Meghalaya Clouded Leopard Neofelis nebulosa
Madhya Pradesh Barasingha Rucervus duvaucelii
Maharashtra Indian Giant
Squirrel Ratufa indica
Manipur Sangai Cervus eldi eldi
Punjab Blackbuck Antilope cervicapra
Sikkim Red Panda Ailurus fulgens
Tamil Nadu Nilgiri Tahr Nilgiritragus
hylocrius
Tripura Phayre's Langur Trachypithecus
phayrei
Uttarakhand Musk deer Moschidae
Uttar Pradesh Swamp Deer Rucervus duvaucelii
West Bengal Fishing cat Prionailurus
viverrinus
List of Scientific Names of Common
Animals
The binomial nomenclatures of common animals are listed
as follows:
|
Common Name |
Scientific
Names |
|
Dog |
Canis lupus |
|
Housefly |
Musca domestica |
|
Tiger |
Panthera tigris |
|
Lepoard |
Panther
pardus |
|
Lion |
Panthera leo |
|
Bear |
Ursidae carnivora |
|
Crow |
Corvus splendens |
|
Ant |
Hymenopetrous formicidae |
|
Bat |
Chiroptera |
|
Buffalo |
Bison bonasus |
|
Cat |
Felis catus |
|
Cheetah |
Acinonyx jubatus |
|
Crocodile |
Crocodilia niloticus |
|
Elephant |
Proboscidea elepahantidae |
|
Dolphin |
Delphinidae
delphis |
|
Goat |
Capra hircus |
|
Frog |
Anura ranidae |
|
Rabbit |
Leoparidae
cuniculas |
|
Giraffe |
Giraffa
horridus |
|
Fox |
Cannis
vulpes |
|
Deer |
Artiodactyl
cervidae |
|
Cobra |
Elaphidae
naja |
|
Panda |
Alurpoda
melanoleuca |
|
Ass |
Equs
asinus |
|
Horse |
Equus
ferus caballus |
List of Scientific Names of Common
Plants
The binomial nomenclatures of common plants are listed as
follows:
|
Common Name |
Scientific
Names |
|
Sunflower |
Helianthus annuus |
|
Mango |
Magnifera indica |
|
Neem |
Azadicta indica |
|
Rose |
Rosa |
|
Tulsi |
Ocimum tenuiflorum |
|
Apache
Plume |
Fallugia
paradoxa |
|
Aplle
Blossom Grass |
Gaura |
|
Wild rye |
Elymus sp. |
|
Wild
Oats |
Avena fatua |
|
Red
Maple |
Acer rubrum |
|
Rice |
Oryza sativa |
|
Wheat |
Triticum spp. |
|
Finger
millet |
Eleusine coracana |
|
Barley |
Hordeum vulgare |
|
Coriander |
Coriandrum sativum |
|
Cashew
nut |
Anacardium occidentale |
|
Curry
leaf |
Murraya
koenigii |
|
Dragon
fruit |
Hylocereus undutus |
|
Ginger |
Asarum |
|
Orange |
Citrus sinensis |
|
Papaya |
Carica papaya |
|
Pine
apple |
Ananas comosus |
|
Cinnamon |
Cinnamomum
zeylanicum |
Agricultural
Policy of India
Agricultural policy of a country is
mostly designed by the Government for raising agricultural production and
productivity and also for raising the level of income and standard of living of
farmers within a definite time frame. This policy is formulated for all round
and comprehensive development of the agricultural sector.
In India, the main objectives
of agricultural policy are to remove the major problems of agricultural sector
related to improper and inefficient uses of natural resources, predominance of
low-value agriculture, poor cost-benefit ratio of the sectoral activities and
insignificant progress of cooperative farming and other self-help
institutions.
Main
Objectives:
The following are some of the
important objectives of India’s agricultural policy:
(i)
Raising the Productivity of Inputs:
One of the important
objectives of India’s agricultural policy is to improve the productivity of
inputs so purchased viz., HYV seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation
projects etc.
(ii)
Raising Value-Added per Hectare:
Another important objective
of country’s agricultural policy is to increase per hectare value-added rather
than raising physical output by raising the productivity of agriculture in
general and productivity of small and marginal holdings in particular.
(iii) Protecting
the Interest of Poor Farmers:
One of the important
objectives of agricultural policy is to protect the interest of poor and
marginal farmers by abolishing intermediaries through land reforms expanding
institutional credit support to poor farmers etc.
(iv) Modernizing
Agricultural Sector:
Modernizing agricultural
sector is another important objective of agricultural policy of the country.
Here the policy support includes introduction of modern technology in
agricultural operations and application of improved agricultural inputs like
HYV seeds, fertilizers etc.
(v) Checking
Environmental Degradation:
Agricultural policy of India
has set another objective to check environmental degradation of natural base of
Indian agriculture.
(vi) Agricultural
Research and Training:
Another important objective
of Indian agricultural policy is to promote agricultural research and training
facilities and to percolate the fruits of such research among the farmers by
establishing a close linkage between research institutions and farmers.
(vii) Removing
Bureaucratic Obstacles:
The policy has set another
objective to remove bureaucratic obstacles on the farmers Co-operative
societies and self help institutions so that they can work independently.
National
Agricultural Policy Document, 2000:
On 28th July, 2000, the NDA
Government made public a National Agriculture Policy envisaging over 4 per cent
annual growth through efficient use of resources and technology and increased
private investment while emphasizing on price protection to farmers in the WTO
regime.
The policy aimed at
catapulting agricultural growth to over 4 per cent per annum by 2005. This
growth is to be achieved through a combination of measures including structural,
institutional, agronomic, environmental, economical and tax reforms.
The policy formulation has
been necessitated due to the relatively poor growth of agriculture experienced
during the 1990s. The Policy Document observed, “Capital inadequacy, lack of infrastructural
support and demand side constraints such as controls on movement, storage and
sale of agricultural products etc. have continued to affect the economic
activity of agricultural sector. Consequently, growth has also tended to
slacken during the 1990s”.
As the agricultural sector
ensures the food security and nutrition to this huge size of population of
India and also supplies huge quantity of raw materials for expanding industrial
base along with creating surplus for exports thus a fast and equitable reward
system for the farming community along with attaining faster growth rate of the
sector should be the important components of agricultural reforms.
Thus, the National Agricultural
Policy (2000) has taken the following important objectives:
1. Attaining a growth rate
above 4.0 per cent per annum in the agricultural sector;
2. Attaining a growth which
is based on efficient use of resources and also makes provision for
conservation of our soil, water and bio-diversity;
3. Attainment of growth with
equity, i.e., attaining a growth whose impact would be widespread across
regions and different classes of farmers;
A4. Attaining a
growth that is demand-driven and cater to the need of domestic markets and
ensuring maximization of benefit from exports of agricultural products in the
face of challenges from economic liberalization and globalization;
5. Attaining a growth that is
sustainable technologically, environmentally and economically.
Sustainability
in Agriculture:
The new policy seeks to
introduce economically viable, technically sound, environmentally non-degrading
and non-hazardous and socially acceptable use of natural resources of the
country for promoting the concept of sustainable agriculture.
In order to fulfill this
strategy, the following measures are suggested in the new policy:
1. To use unutilized barren
wastelands for agriculture and afforestation.
2. To contain biotic
pressures on land and to control indiscriminate division of agricultural lands
for non-agricultural uses.
3. To enhance cropping
intensity through multi-cropping and inter-cropping.
4. To emphasize rational use
of ground and surface water so that over-exploitation of ground water resources
can be checked. To adopt better technologies such as drip and sprinkler irrigation
system so as to arrange more economic and efficient use of water.
5. To adopt vigorously a
long-term perspective plan for sustainable rain-fed agriculture by adopting
watershed approach and water harvesting method for development of two-thirds of
cropped area of the country which is dependent on rainfall.
6. Involvement of farmers and
landless labourers will be sought in the development of pastures/ forestry
programmes on huge public wasteland by providing adequate financial incentives
and entitlement of trees and pastures.
Food
and Nutritional Security:
In order to meet the growing
pressure of population growth and to provide food and nutritional security to
such a large population, special efforts will be made for raising the
productivity and production of crops and thereby to meet the requirement of raw
materials of expanding agro-based industries. Special stress will be made for
the development of new crop varieties, especially food crops, with higher
nutritional value.
The policy has paid due emphasis
for the development of rain-fed irrigation, horticulture, floriculture, roots
and tubers plantation crops, aromatic and medicinal plants, bee-keeping and
sericulture for augmenting food supply and boosting exports along with
generation of employment in rural areas.
High priority has also been
given on the development of animal husbandry, dairy, poultry and aquaculture so
as to diversify agriculture, increasing animal protein availability in food
basket and also for generating exportable surpluses.
The policy also encouraged
the cultivation of fodder crops and fodder trees so as to meet the growing need
for feed and fodder requirements. The policy has encouraged the involvement of
co-operatives and the private sector for the promotion and development of
animal husbandry, dairy and poultry farming.
Development
and Transfer of Technology:
The policy suggested that the
Government should encourage application of biotechnology, remote sensing
technologies, energy saving technologies, pre- and post-harvest technologies,
and technology for environmental protection. Moreover, the Government will make
a fresh attempt to move towards a regime financial sustainability of extension
services in a pleased manner. The Government will also undertake special
measures for empowering women and also to build their capabilities for
improving their access to inputs, technology process and other farming
resources.
Incentives
and Investment in Agriculture:
The policy suggested that the
Government should make adequate efforts for improving the terms of trade for
agriculture along with associated manufacturing sector. Accordingly, attempts
will be made to review and rationalize the structure of taxes on food grains,
other commercial crops and also excise duty on farm machinery and implements.
The Government has committed to keep agriculture outside purview of taxes and
decided to continue the present regime of agricultural subsidies.
The, new policy statement
accepted the problem of fall in public sector investment in agricultural sector
and decided to step up public investment for narrowing regional imbalances and
also for accelerating development of supportive infrastructure.
In addition to this, private
sector investment in agriculture will be encouraged in some sophisticated areas
like agricultural research, post-harvest management, marketing and human
resource development. Moreover, attempts would be made for setting up
agro-processing units in collaboration between the producer co-operatives and
the corporate sector.
Policy
on Institutional Structure:
The policy gave due emphasis
for reforming the Institutional structure where the approach on rural
development and land reforms will give stress on the following issues:
1. Consolidation of holdings
throughout the country following the pattern of north western states.
2. Steps for redistribution
of ceiling surplus lands and waste-lands among the landless farmers and
unemployed persons.
3. Adopting tenancy reforms
for recognizing the rights of tenants and sharecroppers.
4. Promotion and development
of lease markets for raising the size of holdings by making legal provisions so
as to give private land on lease for cultivation and agro-business purposes.
5. Recognizing the rights of
women on land.
6. Making provision for updating
and improvement of land records through computerization and also by issuing
land pass books to all the farmers.
The policy has made
arrangement for promotion through contract farming and land leasing
arrangements for allowing accelerated technology transfer, capital inflow and
assured marketing arrangements for some crops, especially of oilseeds, cotton
and horticultural crops.
Risk
Management:
The National Agricultural
Policy (2000) gave due importance for the promotion of National Agriculture
Insurance Scheme (NAIS) so as to cover all crops and all farmers over the
country by giving package insurance policy ensuring protection from all risks
in pre- and post-harvest operations, including marketing fluctuations in
agricultural prices.
Privatization of agriculture
and price protection to farmers in the post-quantitative restriction (QR)
regime would be part of the Government’s strategy to synergies agricultural
growth. The focus of the new policy is on efficient use of resources and
technology, adequate availability of credit to farmers and protecting them from
seasonal and price fluctuations. Over the next two decades, the policy aims to
attain a growth rate in excess of four per cent per annum in the agricultural
sector.
The policy document observed
that private sector participation would be promoted through contract farming
and land leasing arrangement, to allow accelerated technology transfer, capital
inflow, assured markets for crop production, especially of oilseeds, cotton and
horticultural crops. Moreover, private sector investment in agriculture would
be encouraged, particularly in areas like agricultural research, human resource
development, post harvest management and marketing.
In view of dismantling of
quantitative restrictions (QRs) on imports as per WTO agreement on agriculture,
the policy has recommended formulation of commodity wise strategies and
arrangements to protect farmers from adverse impact of undue price fluctuations
in the world market and promote exports.
The policy also observed that
the Government would enlarge coverage of future markets to minimize the wide
fluctuations in commodity prices as also for hedging their risks. The policy
hoped to achieve sustainable development of agriculture, create gainful
employment and raise standards of living.
The policy has also envisaged
evolving a “National Livestock Breeding Strategy” to meet the requirement of
milk, meat, egg and livestock products and to enhance the role of draught
animals as a source of energy for farming operations and transport.
The policy document mentioned
that plant varieties would be protected through a legislation to encourage
research and breeding of new varieties, particularly in the private sector, in
line with India’s obligations under the “Trade-related Intellectual Property
Rights” (TRIPs) agreement.
The farmers would, however,
be allowed to save, use, exchange, share and sell their ‘farm saved seeds’,
except branded seeds of protected varieties for commercial purpose. The policy
document observed that the development of animal husbandry, poultry, dairy and
aquaculture would receive high priority to diversify agriculture, increasing
availability of animal protein in the food basket and for generating exportable
surpluses.
A high priority would be
accorded to evolve new location specific and economically viable improved
varieties of agriculture and horticulture crops, livestock species and
aquaculture as also conservation and judicious use of germplasm and other
bio-diversity resources. Moreover, the domestic agriculture market would be
liberalized.
The policy further mentioned
that the restrictions on the movement of agricultural commodities throughout
the country would be progressively dismantled. The structure of taxes on food
grains and other commercial crops would be reviewed and rationalized.
The excise duty on materials
such as farm machinery and implements and fertilizers used as inputs in
agricultural tax collection system. Appropriate measures would be adopted to
ensure that agriculturists, by and large, remained outside the regulatory and
tax collection system.
The policy also observed that
in order to protect the interest of farmers in the context of quantitative
restrictions, continuous monitoring of international prices would be undertaken
and appropriate tariff protection would also be provided.
The policy document further
mentioned that rural electrification would be given high priority as a prime
mover for agricultural development. The use of new and renewable sources of
energy for irrigation and other agricultural purposes would be encouraged.
Finally, the policy document
observed that the progressive institutionalization of rural and farm credit
would be continued for providing timely and adequate credit to farmers.
Moreover, endeavor would also be made to provide a package insurance policy for
the farmers, right from sowing of crops to post-harvest operations, including
market fluctuations in the prices of agricultural produce.
Appraisal
of the New Agricultural Policy:
The New Agricultural Policy
(2000) has been considered as a balanced one considering the present
requirement. The new policy has adopted a coordinated approach for bringing
Green Revolution, White Revolution (related to milk and dairy products) and
Blue Revolution (related to aqua/fish culture). Therefore, the policy has been
termed as a policy of promising Rainbow Revolution.
Considering the growing
requirement of food for attaining food self-sufficiency and to attain food
security for the millions of people of the country the policy has faced a great
challenge. To fulfill this requirement attainment of 4 per cent growth rate in
agricultural output is a must. But the New Policy has not spelt out any such
target in quantitative terms.
Secondly, the New Policy has
also failed to identify those backward states which are still lagging in
utilizing their agricultural potential. Therefore, a balanced approach should
be undertaken to remedy these loopholes.
Thirdly, the New Policy
argued in favour of encouraging private investment in agriculture which would
help the big farmers, but the large numbers of small farmers are not going to
be supported by such private investment which needs to be promoted by public
investment.
Fourthly, the New Policy
argued in favour of private sector participation through contract farming by
land leasing arrangements. But introduction of such a step in a labour-surplus
economy is highly questionable.
Lastly, there is a lack of
co-ordination between the Central and State Governments in implementing various
promotional steps for the development of agricultural sector. Thus, the centre
and the states should co-ordinate in implementing various provisions of new
policy and should develop a monitoring mechanism to evaluate the implementation
of the policy in a most rational manner.
For the Tenth Plan period
(2002-07), the credit flow into agriculture and allied activities from all
banking agencies is projected at Rs. 7,36,370 crore, which is more than three
times the credit flow during the Ninth Plan.
Thus, under the general
impression that Indian agriculture operates amidst a number of restraints and
controls and those farmers do not receive the benefits of free trade as
compared to other sectors of the economy, the new National Agricultural Policy,
2000 thus has taken note of this impression and proposed freeing of agriculture
sector from various restrictions.
The Central Government has
taken a lead in repealing some of restrictive legislations. However, as
agriculture is a state subject, most of the restrictions are actually imposed
by states such as Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and Maharashtra. Thus;
the State Governments should take effective steps for freeing agriculture.
In this connection, the
Economic Survey, India, 2000-2001 observed, “For the Indian farmer, it is
essential that he looks to the whole country as a sign of unrestricted market.
After further opening up of the trade regime under WTO from April 2001, it is
all the more necessary that farmers look not only to the domestic market, but
also seize opportunities in the global market for improved value added
realization and diversification. Export of processed agro-products would be the
key to improved export realization which is possible only if the domestic
policies allow unrestricted movement, storage and liberal trade regime. Thus,
for agriculture related products, inputs and services, all restrictions
including SSI reservation would have to be removed.”
Policy paper on doubling farmers income
Past strategy for development of the agriculture sector in India
has focused primarily on raising agricultural output and improving food
security. The net result has been a 45 per cent increase in per person food
production, which has made India not only food self-sufficient at aggregate
level, but also a net food exporting country.
The strategy did not explicitly recognise the need to raise
farmers' income and did not mention any direct measure to promote farmers
welfare. The net result has been that farmers income remained low, which is
evident from the incidence of poverty among farm households.
Low level of absolute income as well as large and deteriorating
disparity between income of a farmer and non-agricultural worker constitute an
important reason for the emergence of agrarian distress in the country during
1990s, which turned quite serious in some years. The country also witnessed a
sharp increase in the number of farmers suicides during 1995 to 2004 - losses
from farming, shocks in farm income and low farm income are identified as the
important factors for this. The low and highly fluctuating farm income is
causing detrimental effect on the interest in farming and farm investments, and
is also forcing more and more cultivators, particularly younger age group, to
leave farming. This can cause serious adverse effect on the future of
agriculture in the country.
It is apparent that income earned by a farmer from agriculture
is crucial to address agrarian distress (Chand 2016) and promote farmers
welfare. In this background, the goal set to double farmers' income by 2022-23
is central to promote farmers welfare, reduce agrarian distress and bring
parity between income of farmers and those working in non-agricultural
professions.
The concept and timeframe
Clarity on the following points is important to assess the
possibility of doubling the income of the farmers. The substantive points are:
1.
what is the period and targeted
year for doubling the farm income;
2.
what is to be doubled, is it
output, value added or income earned by farmers from agricultural activities;
3.
whether nominal income is to be
doubled or real income is to be doubled; and
4.
whether the targeted income
includes only income derived from agricultural activities or would it also
include income of farmers from other sources.
It is obvious that the targeted year to double the current
income of the farmers or income for the agricultural year 2015-16 is by
agricultural year 2022-23, which is seven years away from the base year
2015-16. And, if anything is to be doubled by the year 2022-23, it will require
an annual growth rate of 10.4 per cent.
Again, it is important to clarify what is sought to be doubled.
Is it the income of farmers, or the output or the income of the sector or the
value added or GDP of agriculture sector? If technology, input prices, wages
and labour use could result in per unit cost savings then famers' income would
rise at a much higher rate than the output. In nominal terms, the output became
2.65 times while farmers' income tripled in the seven years period. Therefore,
doubling of farmers' income should not be viewed as same as doubling of farm
output.
It is obvious that if inflation in agricultural prices is high,
farmers income in nominal terms will double in a much shorter period. In a
situation where non-agricultural prices do not rise, or, rise at a very small
rate, the growth in farmers' income at real prices tends to be almost the same
as in nominal prices. The government's intention seems to be to double the
income of farmers from farming in real terms.
It is pertinent to mention that the latest data on number of
cultivators is available only up to the year 2011-12. Therefore, while
calculating per cultivator income, it is assumed that farm workers would
continue their withdrawal from agriculture at the rate observed during 2004-05
to 2011-12. Presently, per cultivator income has been estimated as Rs 1,20,193
at current market prices.
Doubling real income of farmers till 2022-23 over the base year
of 2015-16, requires annual growth of 10.41 per cent in farmers income. This
implies that the on-going and previously achieved rate of growth in farm income
has to be sharply accelerated. Therefore, strong measures will be needed to
harness all possible sources of growth in farmers' income within as well as
outside agriculture sector.
The major sources of growth operating within agriculture sector
are:
1.
improvement in productivity
2.
resource use efficiency or saving
in cost of production
3.
increase in cropping intensity
4.
diversification towards high
value crops
The sources outside agriculture include:
1.
shifting cultivators from farm to
non-farm occupations, and
2.
improvement in terms of trade for
farmers or real prices received by farmers.
The sources of growth in output and income can be put in four
categories.
1.
Development initiatives including
infrastructure
2.
Technology
3.
Policies and
4.
Institutional mechanisms
The quantitative framework for doubling farmers income has
identified seven sources of growth. These are:
1.
Increase in productivity of crops
2.
Increase in production of
livestock
3.
Improvement in efficiency of
input use (cost saving)
4.
Increase in crop intensity
5.
Diversification towards high value
crops
6.
Improved price realization by
farmers
7.
Shift of cultivators to non-farm
jobs
The low level of farmers income and year to year fluctuations in
it are a major source of agrarian distress. This distress is spreading and
getting severe over time impacting almost half of the population of the country
that is dependent on farming for livelihood. Persistent low level of farmers
income can also cause serious adverse effect on the future of agriculture in
the country. To secure future of agriculture and to improve livelihood of half
of India's population, adequate attention needs to be given to improve the
welfare of farmers and raise agricultural income. Achieving this goal will
reduce persistent disparity between farm and non-farm income, alleviate
agrarian distress, promote inclusive growth and infuse dynamism in the
agriculture sector. Respectable income in farm sector will also attract youth
towards farming profession and ease the pressure on non-farm jobs, Which are
not growing as per the expectations.
Doubling farmers income by 2022 is quite challenging but it is
needed and is attainable. Three pronged strategy focused on (i) development
initiatives, (ii) technology and (iii) policy reforms in agriculture is needed
to double farmers income.
·
The rates of increase in sources
underlying growth in output need to be accelerated by 33 per cent to meet the
goal.
·
The country need to increase use
of quality seed, fertiliser and power supply to agriculture by 12.8, 4.4 and
7.6 per cent every year.
·
Area under irrigation has to be
expanded by 1.78 million hectare and area under double cropping should be
increased by 1.85 million hectare every year.
·
Besides, area under fruits and
vegetables is required to increase by 5 per cent each year.
·
In the case of livestock,
improvement in herd quality, better feed, increase in artificial insemination,
reduction in calving interval and lowering age at first calving are the
potential sources of growth.
Research institutes should come with technological breakthroughs
for shifting production frontiers and raising efficiency in use of inputs.
Evidence is growing about scope of agronomic practices like precision farming
to raise production and income of farmers substantially. Similarly, modern
machinery such as laser land leveller, precision seeder and planter, and
practices like SRI (system of rice intensification), direct seeded rice, zero
tillage, raised bed plantation and ridge plantation allow technically highly
efficient farming. However, these technologies developed by the public sector
have very poor marketability. They require strong extension for the adoption by
farmers. R&D institutions should also include in their packages grassroots
level innovations and traditional practices which are resilient, Sustainable and
income enhancing.
ICAR and SAUs should develop models of farming system for
different types of socioeconomic and bio physical settings combining all their
technologies in a package with focus on farm income. This would involve
combining technology and best practices covering production, protection and
post-harvest value addition for each sub systems with other sub systems like
crop sequences, crop mix, livestock, horticulture, forestry. Such shift
requires interdisciplinary approach to develop on knowledge of all disciplines.
About one third of the increase in farmers' income is easily
attainable through better price realization, efficient post-harvest management,
competitive value chains and adoption of allied activities. This requires
comprehensive reforms in market, land lease and raising of trees on private
land. Agriculture has suffered due to absence of modern capital and modern
knowledge. There is a need to liberalise agriculture to attract responsible
private investments in production and market. Similarly, FPOs and FPCs can play
big role in promoting small farm business. Ensuring MSP alone for farm produce
through competitive market or government intervention will result in sizeable
increase in farmers' income in many states.
Most of the development initiatives and policies for agriculture
are implemented by the States. States invest much more than the outlay by the
Centre on many development activities, like irrigation. Progress of various
reforms related to market and land lease are also State subjects. Therefore, it
is essential to mobilise States and UTs to own and achieve the goal of doubling
farmers' income. If concerted and well-coordinated efforts are made by the
Centre and all the States and UTs, the Country can achieve the goal of doubling
farmers' income by the year 2022.
Historical perspective of MSP
The Price Support Policy of the Government is directed at
providing insurance to agricultural producers against any sharp fall in farm
prices. The minimum guaranteed prices are fixed to set a floor below which
market prices cannot fall. Till the mid 1970s, Government announced two types
of administered prices :
·
Minimum Support Prices (MSP)
·
Procurement Prices
The MSPs served as the floor prices and were fixed by the
Government in the nature of a long-term guarantee for investment decisions of
producers, with the assurance that prices of their commodities would not be
allowed to fall below the level fixed by the Government, even in the case of a
bumper crop. Procurement prices were the prices of kharif and rabi cereals at
which the grain was to be domestically procured by public agencies (like the
FCI) for release through PDS. It was announced soon after harvest began.
Normally procurement price was lower than the open market price and higher than
the MSP. This policy of two official prices being announced continued with some
variation upto 1973-74, in the case of paddy. In the case of wheat it was
discontinued in 1969 and then revived in 1974-75 for one year only. Since there
were too many demands for stepping up the MSP, in 1975-76, the present system
was evolved in which only one set of prices was announced for paddy (and other
kharif crops) and wheat being procured for buffer stock operations.
Determination of MSP
In formulating the recommendations in respect of the level of
minimum support prices and other non-price measures, the Commission takes into
account, apart from a comprehensive view of the entire structure of the economy
of a particular commodity or group of commodities, the following factors:-
·
Cost of production
·
Changes in input prices
·
Input-output price parity
·
Trends in market prices
·
Demand and supply
·
Inter-crop price parity
·
Effect on industrial cost
structure
·
Effect on cost of living
·
Effect on general price level
·
International price situation
·
Parity between prices paid and
prices received by the farmers.
·
Effect on issue prices and
implications for subsidy
The Commission makes use of both micro-level data and aggregates
at the level of district, state and the country. The information/data used by
the Commission, inter-alia include the following :-
·
Cost of cultivation per hectare
and structure of costs in various regions of the country and changes there in;
·
Cost of production per quintal in
various regions of the country and changes therein;
·
Prices of various inputs and
changes therein;
·
Market prices of products and
changes therein;
·
Prices of commodities sold by the
farmers and of those purchased by them and changes therein;
·
Supply related information -
area, yield and production, imports, exports and domestic availability and
stocks with the Government/public agencies or industry;
·
Demand related information -
total and per capita consumption, trends and capacity of the processing
industry;
·
Prices in the international market
and changes therein, demand and supply situation in the world market;
·
Prices of the derivatives of the
farm products such as sugar, jaggery, jute goods, edible/non-edible oils and
cotton yarn and changes therein;
·
Cost of processing of
agricultural products and changes therein;
·
Cost of marketing - storage,
transportation, processing, marketing services, taxes/fees and margins retained
by market functionaries; and
·
Macro-economic variables such as
general level of prices, consumer price indices and those reflecting monetary
and fiscal factors.
Government
has announced its historic decision to fix MSP at a level of at least 150 per
cent of the cost of production for kharif crops 2018-19.
Pricing policy for sugarcane
The pricing of sugarcane is governed by the statutory provisions
of the Sugarcane (Control) Order, 1966 issued under the Essential Commodities
Act (ECA), 1955. Prior to 2009-10 sugar season, the Central Government was
fixing the Statutory Minimum Price (SMP) of sugarcane and farmers were entitled
to share profits of a sugar mill on 50:50 basis. As this sharing of profits
remained virtually unimplemented, the Sugarcane (Control) Order, 1966 was
amended in October, 2009 and the concept of SMP was replaced by the Fair and
Remunerative Price (FRP) of sugarcane. A new clause ‘reasonable margins for
growers of sugarcane on account of risk and profits’ was inserted as an
additional factor for working out FRP and this was made effective from the
2009-10 sugar season. Accordingly, the CACP is required to pay due regard to
the statutory factors listed in the Control Order, which are
·
the cost of production of
sugarcane;
·
the return to the grower from
alternative crops and the general trend of prices of agricultural commodities;
·
the availability of sugar to the
consumers at a fair price;
·
the price of sugar;
·
the recovery rate of sugar from
sugarcane;
·
the realization made from sale of
by-products viz. molasses, bagasse and press mud or their imputed value
(inserted in December, 2008) and;
·
reasonable margins for growers of
sugarcane on account of risk and profits (inserted in October, 2009).
States
also announce a price called the State Advisory Price (SAP), which is usually
higher than the SMP.
Crops covered
Government announces minimum support prices (MSPs) for 22
mandated crops and fair and remunerative price (FRP) for sugarcane. The
mandated crops are 14 crops of the kharif season, 6 rabi crops and
two other commercial crops. In addition, the MSPs of toria and de-husked
coconut are fixed on the basis of the MSPs of rapeseed/mustard and copra,
respectively. The list of crops are as follows.
·
Cereals (7) - paddy, wheat,
barley, jowar, bajra, maize and ragi
·
Pulses (5) - gram, arhar/tur,
moong, urad and lentil
·
Oilseeds (8) - groundnut,
rapeseed/mustard, toria, soyabean, sunflower seed, sesamum, safflower seed and
nigerseed
·
Raw cotton
·
Raw jute
·
Copra
·
De-husked coconut
·
Sugarcane (Fair and remunerative
price)
·
Virginia flu cured (VFC) tobacco
·
Minimum Support Prices (MSPs) for Rabi Marketing Season (RMS) 2020-21
·
|
Sl. No |
Crops |
Cost* of production RMS 2020-21 |
MSP for RMS 2019-20 |
MSP for RMS 2020-21 |
Absolute increase in MSP |
Return over cost ( in percent) |
|
1 |
Wheat |
923 |
1840 |
1925 |
85 |
109 |
|
2 |
Barley |
919 |
1440 |
1525 |
85 |
66 |
|
3 |
Gram |
2801 |
4620 |
4875 |
255 |
74 |
|
4 |
Lentil |
2727 |
4475 |
4800 |
325 |
76 |
|
5 |
Rapeseed & Mustard |
2323 |
4200 |
4425 |
225 |
90 |
|
6 |
Safflower |
3470 |
4945 |
5215 |
270 |
50 |
MSP for all Kharif crops for marketing season 2020-21:
|
Crops |
Projected Cost* KMS
2020-21 |
MSP for Kharif 2020-21 |
Increase in MSP
(Absolute) |
Return over Cost (in
%) |
|
|
1 |
Paddy (Common) |
1,245 |
1,868 |
53 |
50 |
|
2 |
Paddy (Grade A)^ |
- |
1,888 |
53 |
- |
|
3 |
Jowar (Hybrid) |
1,746 |
2,620 |
70 |
50 |
|
4 |
Jowar (Maldandi)^ |
- |
2,640 |
70 |
- |
|
5 |
Bajra |
1,175 |
2,150 |
150 |
83 |
|
6 |
Ragi |
2,194 |
3,295 |
145 |
50 |
|
7 |
Maize |
1,213 |
1,850 |
90 |
53 |
|
8 |
Tur (Arhar) |
3,796 |
6,000 |
200 |
58 |
|
9 |
Moong |
4,797 |
7,196 |
146 |
50 |
|
10 |
Urad |
3,660 |
6,000 |
300 |
64 |
|
11 |
Groundnut |
3,515 |
5,275 |
185 |
50 |
|
12 |
Sunflower Seed |
3,921 |
5,885 |
235 |
50 |
|
13 |
Soybean (yellow) |
2,587 |
3,880 |
170 |
50 |
|
14 |
Sesamum |
4,570 |
6,855 |
370 |
50 |
|
15 |
Nigerseed |
4,462 |
6,695 |
755 |
50 |
|
16 |
Cotton (Medium Staple) |
3,676 |
5,515 |
260 |
50 |
|
17 |
Cotton (Long Staple)^ |
- |
5,825 |
275 |
- |
^Cost data are not separately compiled for Paddy (Grade A), Jowar
(Maldandi) and Cotton (Long staple)
The increase in MSP for Kharif Crops for marketing season
2020-21 is in line with the Union Budget 2018-19 announcement of fixing the
MSPs at a level of at least 1.5 times of the All-India weighted average Cost of
Production (CoP), aiming at reasonably fair remuneration for the fanners. The
expected returns to farmers over their cost of production are estimated to be
highest in case of Bajra (83%) followed by urad (64%), tur (58%) and maize
(53%). For rest of the crops, return to farmers over their cost of production
is estimated to be at least 50%.
Government’s strategy is one of promoting sustainable
agriculture with diversified cropping pattern matching with the country's
agro-climatic conditions, towards higher productivity without jeopardizing
nation's bio-diversity. Support is in the form of MSP as well as procurement.
Besides, with the intention of giving enough policy thrust to income security
of the farmers. Government's production-centric approach has been replaced by
income-centric approach.
Concerted efforts were made over the last few years to
realign the MSPs in favour of oilseeds, pulses and coarse cereals to encourage
farmers shift to larger area under these crops and adopt best technologies and
farm practices, to correct demand - supply imbalance. The added focus on
nutri-rich nutri-cereals is to incentivize its production in the areas where
rice-wheat cannot be grown without long term adverse implications for
groundwater table.
In continuation with the above-mentioned measures, Government
is taking holistic approach towards supporting the farmers and facilitate
farming related activities in the lockdown situation due to Covid 19. Efforts
are being made to facilitate marketing of agricultural produce by the farmers.
Advisories have been issued by the Union Government to State Governments / UT
to facilitate Direct Marketing, enabling direct purchase from the fanners /
FPOs / Cooperatives etc. by Bulk Buyers /Big Retailers / Processors by limiting
regulation under State APMC Act.
Besides,
the Umbrella Scheme "Pradhan MantriAnnadataAaySanraksHanAbhiyan”
(PM-AASHA) announced by the government in 2018 will aid in providing
remunerative return to farmers for their produce. The Umbrella Scheme consists
of three sub-schemes i.e. Price Support Scheme (PSS), Price Deficiency Payment
Scheme (PDPS) and Private Procurement & Stockist Scheme (PPSS) on a pilot
basis.
In addition, under the Pradhan MantriKisanSammanNidhi
(PM-KISAN) Scheme during the lockdown period from 24.3.2020 till date, about
8.89 crore farmer families have been benefitted and an amount of Rs. 17,793
crore has been released so far.
In order to provide food security during the prevailing
situation due to COVID-19 pandemic, the Government has decided to distribute
pulses to the eligible households under Pradhan MantriGaribKalyanYojana
(PM-GKY). About 1,07,077.85 MT pulses have so far been issue/d to the States/U
·
·
* Refers to comprehensive cost which includes all paid out costs
such as those incurred on account of hired
Meaning of Agricultural Economics:
Agricultural Economics, as its title implies
is that branch of economics which deals with all aspects of problems related to
agriculture. According to Snodgrass and Wallace, “Agricultural economics is an applied phase of the social science
of economics in which attention is given to all aspects of problems related to
agriculture.”
The agricultural
economics examines how a farmer chooses various enterprises e.g., production of
crops or rising of cattle and how he chooses various activities in the same
enterprise. E.g., which crop to grow and which crop to drop; how the costs are
to be minimized; what combination of inputs for an activity are to be selected;
but amount of each crop is to be produced but type of commercial relation the
farmer have to have with people from whom they purchase their input or to whom
they sail their product
Agricultural
marketing can be defined as the performance of all
business activities included in the flow of products from the beginning
of agricultural production until they are in the hands of
consumers—“from the farm to the fork.”
Agriculture Marketing System
Understanding agriculture marketing systemKey players
involved in agriculture marketing system Interest of these key players?
How to reconcile the conflicting interests? “Perform
stakeholder analysis”
Production sub-system: -
farmers Distribution sub-system: -traders,
wholesalers, retailers, transporters, processors (middlemen) Consumption
sub-system: - consumers Regulatory
sub-system: - Govt. organizations
It is an approach for understanding
a system by identifying the key actors or stakeholders in the system, and
assessing their respective interests in, or influence on, that
system.
Stakeholder analysis is useful for
assisting in decision-making situations where various stakeholders have competing
interests and stakeholder needs must be appropriately balanced Stakeholder
analysis may be used at a variety of levels and purposes:
Institution or business - to examine
the health of an organization and plan changes Project or program – to
design, steer and monitor a project
Particular decision – to predict
the consequences of a decision, and plan to deal w Stakeholders are those who have
rights or interests in a system.
Stakeholders are any group or
individual who can affect, or is affected by the achievement of
the organisation’s purpose.
It includes interested
parties as well as affected parties.
Stakeholders can be individuals,
communities, social groups, or organisations.
For example, stakeholders in
agriculture marketing policy might include farmers, traders, agri-business
firms, processors, support service providers, consumers, and Government
agencies Develop purpose of analysis and initial understanding of
the system in them
Identify key stakeholders
Investigate stakeholders’ interests, characteristics and
circumstances
Identify patterns and contexts of interaction between stakeholders
Assess stakeholders’ power and potential roles
Assess options and use the findings to make progress
Location - rural/urban dwellers
Ownership - landowners/landless, managers,
staff, trade unions
Function - producers/consumers,
traders/suppliers/competitors, regulators, policy makers, activists,
opinion-formers
Scale – small-scale/large-scale,
local/international communities
Time - past, present, future generations
Four R in Stakeholder Analysis Role of each stakeholder in
the system
Rights, Responsibility, Revenue (Benefit) and Relationship
Different degrees of power to control decisions
Different degrees of ‘potential’ to contribute, or
‘importance’, to achieving a particular objective in the system
Stakeholder power can be understood as the extent to which
stakeholders are able to persuade or coerce others into making
decisions, and following certain courses of action.
Power may derive from the nature of a stakeholder's
organization, or their
Recent Initiatives
Direct purchase from farmers by trading or processing
companies (avoiding mandis)
Market Information system
Backward integration of firms
Promoting Farmers Interest Groups
Conducive policy environment by govt.
Partnership between input, output and credit delivery
systems
Agriculture exports
position in relation to other stakeholders.
NATIONAL AGRICULTURE MARKET (NAM)
Now Farmers’ Produce will also be sold on internet
1. What is the National Agriculture Market
(NAM) ?
NAM is envisaged as a pan-India electronic trading portal which
seeks to network the existing APMC and other market yards to create a unified
national market for agricultural commodities. NAM is a “virtual” market but it
has a physical market (mandi) at the back end.
2. What is the difference between NAM and the
existing mandi system?
NAM is not a parallel marketing structure but rather a device to
create a national network of physical mandis which can be accessed online. It
seeks to leverage the physical infrastructure of the mandis through an online
trading portal, enabling buyers situated even outside the State to participate
in trading at the local level.
3. Why is NAM necessary?
It is necessary to create NAM to facilitate the emergence of a
common national market for agricultural commodities. Current APMC regulated
market yards limit the scope of trading in agricultural commodities at the
first point of sale (i.e. when farmers offer produce after the harvest) in the
local mandi, typically at the level of Taluka / Tahsil or at best the district.
Even one State is not a unified agricultural market and there are transaction
costs on moving produce from one market area to another within the same State.
Multiple licences are necessary to trade in different market areas in the same
State. All this has led to a highly fragmented and high-cost agricultural
economy, which prevents economies of scale and seamless movement of agri goods
across district and State borders. NAM seeks to address and reverse this
process of fragmentation of markets, ultimately lowering intermediation costs,
wastage and prices for the final consumer. It builds on the strength of the
local mandi and allows it to offer its produce at the national level.
4. How will NAM operate?
The NAM electronic trading platform has been created with an
investment by the Government of India (through the Ministry of Agriculture
& Farmers’ Welfare). It offers a “plug-in” to any market yard existing in a
State (whether regulated or private). The special software developed for NAM is
available to each mandi which agrees to join the national network free of cost
with necessary customization to conform to the regulations of each State Mandi
Act.
5. Are there any conditions for joining NAM?
States interested to integrate their mandis with NAM are
required to carry out following reforms in their APMC Act.
a) Specific provision for electronic trading .
b) Single trading licenses valid for trading in all mandis of
the State.
c) Single point levy of transaction fee.
6. Will the APMC mandis lose out business due
to NAM?
No. NAM basically increases the choice of the farmer when he
brings his produce to the mandi for sale. Local traders can bid for the
produce, as also traders on the electronic platform sitting in other States.
The farmer may chose to accept either the local offer or the online offer. In
either case the transaction will be on the books of the local mandi and they
will continue to earn the transaction fee. In fact, the volume of business will
significantly increase as there will be greater competition for specific
produce, resulting in higher transaction fees for the mandi.
7. Who will bear the costs of NAM?
The national level platform has been developed by the Ministry
of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare, which will also bear the maintenance
costs. As stated above, the integration costs for local mandis and
customization of software, training etc. will also be paid for by the Ministry
of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare as a one-time grant at the time of
accepting the mandi in the national network. Thereafter, the running costs of
the software at the local level, staff costs for quality check etc. will be met
from the transaction fee to be generated through the sale of produce. The
intention is to avoid any upfront investment by the mandi when it integrates
into NAM, and also enable it to support the running cost through additional
generation of revenue.
8. Who will actually operate the NAM
platform?
Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare, Govt. of India
has appointed Small Farmers’ Agribusiness Consortium (SFAC) as the Lead
Implementing Agency of NAM. SFAC will operate and maintain the NAM platform
with the help of a Strategic partner selected for the purpose.
9. What are the likely benefits of NAM?
NAM is envisaged as a win-win solution for all stakeholders. For
the farmers, NAM promises more options for sale at his nearest mandi. For the
local trader in the mandi, NAM offers the opportunity to access a larger
national market for secondary trading. Bulk buyers, processors, exporters etc.
benefit from being able to participate directly in trading at the local mandi
level through the NAM platform, thereby reducing their intermediation costs.
The gradual integration of all the major mandis in the States into NAM will
ensure common procedures for issue of licenses, levy of fee and movement of
produce. In the near future we can expect significant benefits through higher
returns to farmers, lower transaction costs to buyers and stable prices and
availability to consumers. The NAM will also facilitate the emergence of
integrated value chains in major agricultural commodities across the country
and help to promote scientific storage and movement of agri commodities.
E-REKAM YOJANA
Govt
launches e-RaKAM portal for selling agri produce
New Delhi,
Aug 1 () The government today launched a portal, e-RaKAM, to provide a platform
to sell agricultural produce.
The portal is a joint initiative by state-run-auctioneer MSTC and Central
Warehousing Corporation arm CRWC.
Launching the portal with Steel Minister Chaudhary
Birender Singh, Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution
Minister Ram
Vilas Paswan said the effort should be to
auction 20 lakh tonnes of pulses in the first phase through the platform.
"I personally feel that we should start with auctioning of
pulses as we have them in abundance. Twenty lakh tonnes of pulses were lying
idle at warehouse and it still has no buyers. E-RaKAM will help us and farmers
hugely," Paswan said.
He said initial hurdles will be there as most of the farmers are
illiterate and are in bad condition, Paswan said, as per a joint statement
issued by MSTC and CRWC. It added that now various crops whose price increases
due to rainfall or bad weather conditions, will be managed and get the market.
He said even transport will face initial hurdles that will be
sorted out over time.
Steel Minister Singh said, Our aim is to strengthen the
agriculture-oriented Indian economy and farmers, who play a vital role in
national development. I congratulate all for the launch of e-RaKAM.
E-RaKAM is a first-of-its-kind initiative that leverages
technology to connect farmers of the smallest villages to the biggest markets
of the world through internet and e-RaKAM centres.
E-RaKAM is developed by MSTC
Limited and supported by marketing
& logistics partner CRWC Limited.
E-RaKAM is a digital initiative bringing together the farmers,
FPOs, PSUs, civil supplies and buyers on a single platform to ease the selling
and buying process of agricultural products.
Under this initiative, e-RaKAM centres are being developed in a
phased manner throughout the country to facilitate farmers for online sale of
their produce.
The statement said farmers would be
paid through e-Payment directly into their bank accounts.
Budget
Highlights Related to Agriculture
Sixteen
Action Points for Agriculture, Irrigation and Rural Development
1.
Rs. 2.83 lakh crore to be allocated for the following 16 Action Points:
✓ Rs. 1.60 lakh crore for
Agriculture, Irrigation & allied activities.
✓ Rs. 1.23 lakh crore for
Rural development & Panchayati Raj.
2.
Agriculture credit:
✓ Rs. 15 lakh crore target
set for the year 2020-21.
✓ PM-KISAN beneficiaries
to be covered under the KCC scheme.
✓ NABARD Re-finance Scheme
to be further expanded.
3.
Comprehensive measures for 100 water-stressed districts proposed.
4.
Blue Economy:
✓ Rs. 1 lakh crore
fisheries’ exports to be achieved by 2024-25.
✓ 200 lakh tonnes fish
production targeted by 2022-23.
✓ 3477 Sagar Mitras and
500 Fish Farmer Producer
Organisations
to involve youth in fisheries extension.
✓ Growing of algae,
sea-weed and cage culture to be promoted.
✓ Framework for
development, management and conservation of marine fishery resources.
5.
Kisan Rail to be setup by Indian Railways through PPP:
✓ To build a seamless
national cold supply chain for perishables (milk, meat, fish, etc.
✓ Express and Freight
trains to have refrigerated coaches.
6.
Krishi Udaan to be launched by the Ministry of Civil Aviation:
✓ Both international and
national routes to be covered.
✓ North-East and tribal
districts to realize Improved value of agri-products.
7.
One-Product One-District for better marketing and export in the Horticulture
sector.
8.
Balanced use of all kinds of fertilizers - traditional organic and innovative
fertilizers.
9.
Measures for organic, natural, and integrated farming:
✓ Jaivik Kheti Portal –
online national organic products market to be strengthened.
✓ Zero-Budget Natural
Farming (mentioned in July 2019 Budget) to be included.
✓ Integrated Farming
Systems in rain-fed areas to be expanded.
✓ Multi-tier cropping,
bee-keeping, solar pumps, solar energy production in non-cropping season to be
added.
10.
PM-KUSUM to be expanded:
✓ 20 lakh farmers to be
provided for setting up stand-alone solar pumps.
✓ Another 15 lakh farmers
to be helped to solarise their grid-connected pump sets.
✓ Scheme to enable farmers
to set up solar power generation capacity on their fallow/barren lands and to
sell it to the grid.
11.
Village Storage Scheme:
✓ To be run by the SHGs to
provide farmers a good holding capacity and reduce their logistics cost.
✓ Women, SHGs to regain
their position as Dhaanya Lakshmi.
12.
NABARD to map and geo-tag agri-warehouses, cold storages,reefer van facilities,
etc.
13.
Warehousing in line with Warehouse Development and Regulatory Authority (WDRA)
norms:
✓ Viability Gap Funding
for setting up such efficient warehouses at the block/taluk level.
✓ Food Corporation of
India (FCI) and Central Warehousing Corporation (CWC) to undertake such
warehouse building.
14.Financing
on Negotiable Warehousing Receipts (e-NWR) to be integrated with e-NAM.
15.
State governments who undertake implementation of model laws (issued by the
Central government) to be encouraged.
16.
Livestock:
✓Doubling of milk
processing capacity to 108 million MT from 53.5 million MT by 2025.
✓ Artificial insemination
to be increased to 70% from the present 30%.
✓ MNREGS to be dovetailed
to develop fodder farms.
✓ Foot and Mouth Disease,
Brucellosis in cattle and Peste Des Petits ruminants (PPR) in sheep and goat to
be eliminated by 2025.
17.
Deen Dayal Antyodaya Yojana – 0.5 crore households mobilized with 58 lakh SHGs
for poverty alleviation.
ज़ीरो बज़ट नेचुरल फार्मिंग
§ ज़ीरो बजट नेचुरल फार्मिंग मूल रूप से महाराष्ट्र के एक किसान सुभाष पालेकर द्वारा विकसित रसायन मुक्त कृषि